Ethyl alcohol based secondary heat transfer fluids are typically used in ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) in Sweden because of their attractive thermophysical properties and low toxicity. Denaturing agents must be added to ethyl alcohol based secondary fluids, and in Europe, the most commonly used ...
Borehole heat exchangers are used in conjunction with ground source heat pumps in Nordic countries. Aqueous ethanol solutions are commonly used with other secondary fluids such as water in borehole heat exchangers to decrease the freezing point of the liquid. However, ethanol based mediums contain ...
